液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)機(ji)修理作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)介紹，液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)機(ji)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)是用(yong)來(lai)完成挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)中各種動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)，它是挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)機(ji)的(de)(de)主要操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)機(ji)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)過(guo)程中主要有鏟斗(dou)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)、斗(dou)桿(gan)收(shou)放、動(dong)臂升降和轉(zhuan)(zhuan)臺回轉(zhuan)(zhuan)等四個動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)。作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中工作(zuo)(zuo)油缸的(de)(de)推拉和液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓馬(ma)達(da)的(de)(de)正(zheng)、反(fan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，絕(jue)大多數(shu)是采用(yong)三位軸向移(yi)動(dong)式滑閥來(lai)控制(zhi)油液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)流(liu)動(dong)的(de)(de)方向，而(er)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)速度則是根據(ju)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)型式（定量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)或變量(liang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)）和閥的(de)(de)開度大小等由(you)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)人員(yuan)控制(zhi)或者(zhe)通過(guo)輔助裝置(zhi)來(lai)控制(zhi)。對液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)壓挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)機(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)基本要求包括：（1）作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)要集中布置(zhi)在駕(jia)駛(shi)室內(nei)，并符合人體機(ji)能學的(de)(de)要求。例如，按男子(zi)160-180cm、女(nv)子(zi)150-170cm身(shen)高來(lai)設計、布置(zhi)操(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)及駕(jia)駛(shi)室。
（2）作(zuo)(zuo)業操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)時的(de)(de)啟動(dong)和停止應(ying)(ying)平穩，并(bing)控制其速度和力(li)量。可(ke)以同時控制復合動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)。（3）操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)簡單，輕便(bian)和直觀。一般手(shou)柄上的(de)(de)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)力(li)不(bu)超過40-60N，而單邊的(de)(de)手(shou)柄操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)選種不(bu)超過17cm，轉動(dong)手(shou)柄的(de)(de)轉角(jiao)不(bu)超過35-40度。腳(jiao)踏(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)轉動(dong)角(jiao)度不(bu)超過60-70度。踏(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)行程(cheng)在(zai)(zai)6-20cm范圍內(nei)，踏(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)的(de)(de)踏(ta)(ta)(ta)動(dong)力(li)不(bu)超過80-100N。（4）操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)機構的(de)(de)杠桿(gan)變(bian)形(xing)(xing)要小(xiao)，機構組成的(de)(de)間(jian)隙和空行程(cheng)要小(xiao)。（5）操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)手(shou)柄和腳(jiao)踏(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)的(de)(de)數(shu)目(mu)量少，可(ke)以手(shou)腳(jiao)聯動(dong)，便(bian)于操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)人員做復合操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)。（6）應(ying)(ying)保障在(zai)(zai)-40-50度的(de)(de)范圍內(nei)操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)性能正常(chang)。作(zuo)(zuo)業操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系統的(de)(de)基本形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)根(gen)據(ju)推動(dong)主分配(pei)閥的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)來(lai)源，液壓挖掘機作(zuo)(zuo)業操(cao)(cao)(cao)(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系統的(de)(de)基本型式(shi)(shi)可(ke)分為機械杠桿(gan)式(shi)(shi)、液壓式(shi)(shi)、氣壓式(shi)(shi)和電氣式(shi)(shi)等(deng)。
由于(yu)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)挖掘(jue)機(ji)所采用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)路流量(liang)大(da)、壓(ya)力高，主分(fen)(fen)配(pei)閥(fa)閥(fa)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推動力較大(da)，因此采用(yong)(yong)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)式、氣壓(ya)式和電氣式操縱可以減輕操作人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勞動強度(du)，并便于(yu)操縱系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理布置。目前許多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)挖掘(jue)機(ji)仍采用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械操縱系統(tong)，其優點(dian)是(shi)結構簡單。在機(ji)械操縱系統(tong)中，挖掘(jue)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鏟斗、動臂、斗桿和回轉(zhuan)分(fen)(fen)別是(shi)由各自的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)手(shou)柄(bing)(bing)通過(guo)杠桿和主分(fen)(fen)配(pei)閥(fa)連接。從“前開(kai)始供(gong)油(you)”到“后(hou)(hou)開(kai)始供(gong)油(you)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區段為(wei)手(shou)柄(bing)(bing)空(kong)行(xing)程(cheng)。空(kong)行(xing)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)一般取決于(yu)銷軸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝配(pei)間(jian)(jian)隙(xi)和杠桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剛(gang)(gang)度(du)，即間(jian)(jian)隙(xi)小(xiao)(xiao)、剛(gang)(gang)度(du)大(da)時空(kong)行(xing)程(cheng)小(xiao)(xiao)，反之(zhi)則大(da)。空(kong)行(xing)程(cheng)不(bu)宜(yi)過(guo)大(da)，以便挖掘(jue)機(ji)工作裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動作及時，空(kong)行(xing)程(cheng)一般不(bu)超過(guo)60mm。從“前、后(hou)(hou)開(kai)始供(gong)油(you)”至“額定(ding)速度(du)”區段為(wei)加速段，一般在20-40mm之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)。前、后(hou)(hou)終點(dian)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操縱手(shou)柄(bing)(bing)總移動量(liang)不(bu)應超過(guo)340mm。

為(wei)減(jian)少駕(jia)駛員操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)換手(shou)(shou)時間(jian)和(he)(he)增加復合動(dong)(dong)作的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)會，現在的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)挖(wa)掘(jue)機(ji)(ji)均將傳統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)四(si)手(shou)(shou)柄操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系統(tong)(tong)改進(jin)為(wei)雙手(shou)(shou)柄操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)系統(tong)(tong)，即(ji)挖(wa)掘(jue)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)四(si)個作業動(dong)(dong)作用(yong)(yong)兩(liang)(liang)個手(shou)(shou)柄來操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)挖(wa)掘(jue)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)是(shi)依(yi)靠油(you)(you)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力來推動(dong)(dong)主(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)桿(gan)，其油(you)(you)路(lu)可以(yi)是(shi)獨立油(you)(you)路(lu)，也可以(yi)從(cong)主(zhu)(zhu)油(you)(you)路(lu)系統(tong)(tong)引出(chu)油(you)(you)路(lu)。現在越來越多的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)挖(wa)掘(jue)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)，其型式(shi)(shi)有機(ji)(ji)械反饋隨動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)、操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)與主(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)一體(ti)式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)先導(dao)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)式(shi)(shi)等(deng)到。其中后者應(ying)用(yong)(yong)居(ju)多。它(ta)又分(fen)為(wei)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力發生(sheng)式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)減(jian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)。（1）壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力發生(sheng)式(shi)(shi)先導(dao)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。這(zhe)是(shi)一種(zhong)遠距離操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，駕(jia)駛員利用(yong)(yong)先導(dao)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力油(you)(you)來操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)主(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（2）減(jian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)式(shi)(shi)先導(dao)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。與上述的(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力發生(sheng)式(shi)(shi)先導(dao)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)一樣，這(zhe)種(zhong)操(cao)縱(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)裝置(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)配(pei)(pei)(pei)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)滑閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)移動(dong)(dong)，也是(shi)用(yong)(yong)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)導(dao)向(xiang)而進(jin)行間(jian)接控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)。所(suo)不同的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)采用(yong)(yong)了減(jian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)式(shi)(shi)先導(dao)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。